Skip to main content

Introduction to the PATHOLOGY

 

Pathology

 

Introduction to the PATHOLOGY

ü  Pathology: Are the structural and functional changes in cell, tissue and organ that underlie a disease.

ü  General pathology: is concerned with the basic reaction of the cell and tissue to abnormal stimuli that underlie all diseases.

 

The 4 aspects of a disease process that forms the core of pathology are:

Ø  Etiology:  cause of the disease

Ø  Pathogenesis: mechanism of the development of the disease

Ø  Morphologic changes: structural alteration induced on the cell, tissue and organs

Ø  Clinical significance: functional consequence of the morphologic changes.

Etiology

Ø  There are 2 classes of etiologic factors, intrinsic or genetic and acquired (infectious, nutritional, chemical, physical, immunological etc,)

Ø  The discovery of the primary cause remains the backbone on which diagnosis can be made, disease understood and treatment developed.

Ø  Anyhow, the etiology one disease one agent is no longer sufficient.

Pathogenesis

Ø  Refers the sequence of events in the response of the cell and tissue to the etiologic agent from the initial stimuli to the ultimate expression of the disease.

Morphologic changes

Ø  Refers to the structural changes in cell and tissue that are either characteristic of the disease or diagnostic of the etiologic process.

Functional derangement and clinical significance

Ø  The nature of morphologic changes and their distribution in different organs influence normal function and determine the clinical features (signs and symptoms) course and prognosis of the disease.

  

Labels:

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Frank-Starling Law of the Heart

Frank-Starling Law of the Heart Two physiologists, Otto Frank and Ernest Starling, demonstrated that the strength of ventricular contraction varies directly with the end-diastolic volume (fig. 14.2). Even in experiments where the heart is removed from the body (and is thus not subject to neural or hormonal regulation) and where the still-beating heart is filled with blood flowing from a reservoir, an increase in EDV within the physiological range results in increased contraction strength and, therefore, in increased stroke volume. This rela- tionship between EDV, contraction strength, and stroke volume is thus a built-in, or intrinsic, property of heart muscle, and is known as the Frank-Starling law of the heart.
Post a Comment
Read more

Effect of pH and Temperature

Effect of pH and Temperature on Oxygen Transport In addition to changes in P O 2 , the loading and unloading reac- tions are influenced by changes in the affinity (bond strength) of hemoglobin for oxygen. Such changes ensure that active skeletal muscles will receive more oxygen from the blood than they do at rest. This occurs as a result of the lowered pH and increased temperature in exercising muscles. The affinity is decreased when the pH is lowered and increased when the pH is raised; this is called the Bohr effect. When the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is reduced, there is slightly less loading of the blood with oxygen in the lungs but greater unloading of oxygen in the tissues. The net effect is that the tissues receive more oxygen when the blood pH is lowered (table 16.8). Since the pH can be decreased by carbon dioxide (through the formation of carbonic acid), the Bohr effect helps to provide more oxygen to the tissue...
Post a Comment
Read more

Pathophysiology of heart failure

Pathophysiology of heart failure In heart failure, the heart may not provide tissues with adequate blood for metabolic needs, and cardiac-related elevation of pulmonary or systemic venous pressures may result in organ congestion. This condition can result from abnormalities of systolic or diastolic function or, commonly, both. Although a primary abnormality can be a change in cardiomyocyte function, there are also changes in collagen turnover of the extracellular matrix. Cardiac structural defects (eg, congenital defects, valvular disorders), rhythm abnormalities (including persistently high heart rate), and high metabolic demands (eg, due to thyrotoxicosis) also can cause HF.
Post a Comment
Read more